Date : 29/09/2023

Relevance – GS Paper 2 – Social Justice

Keywords – UNFPA, Life expectancy, In-situ aging, Old age homes

Context

The United Nations Population Fund, India, has released the "2023 India Ageing Report," forecasting a substantial rise in India's elderly population.

Key Insights from the Report:

• Elderly Population Growth: The study anticipates a remarkable 279% increase in the population of individuals aged 80 and above between 2022 and 2050. By 2046, it is projected that the elderly population will likely surpass the population of children aged 0 to 15 years in India.

• Elderly Population Share: By the year 2050, the elderly population in India is set to constitute more than 20% of the total population, marking a significant shift from the present share of approximately 10% in 2021.
• Poverty Among the Elderly: Disturbingly, the report reveals that over 40% of elderly individuals in India belong to the poorest wealth quintile, with more than 18% having no source of income. This high level of poverty among the elderly raises concerns about their quality of life and access to essential services.
• Gender Differences in Life Expectancy: The report highlights gender disparities in life expectancy among the elderly. On average, women tend to have a longer life expectancy than men, although these differences vary across different states within India.
• Sex Ratio Among the Elderly: The sex ratio among the elderly is on the rise, indicating a trend of longer survival for women compared to men in this demographic group.
• Gendered Poverty in Old Age: The report underscores that poverty among the elderly is gendered, with older women being more likely to be widowed, living alone, and heavily dependent on family support for their well-being.
• Challenges in Demographic Transition: There are significant disparities in the elderly population across states, reflecting variations in the stages and pace of demographic transition within India.
• Policy Recommendations: In response to these findings, the report puts forth recommendations aimed at addressing the feminization and ruralization of the elderly population. These include promoting awareness of programs and schemes for older individuals and encouraging in-situ aging, where elderly people can reside with their families while receiving necessary support and care.

These insights shed light on the evolving demographics of India and emphasize the importance of tailored policies and support systems to meet the unique needs of the growing elderly population.

Policy Recommendations from the ‘2023 India Ageing Report’:

• Address Gender-Specific Challenges: Develop policies tailored to address the unique challenges faced by older women, particularly those who are widowed and dependent, to ensure their well-being and support.
• Promote In-Situ Aging: Encourage and facilitate aging at home (in-situ aging) whenever possible, allowing elderly individuals to remain within their communities and receive care and support from their families.
• Increase Awareness of Schemes: Launch awareness campaigns to inform elderly individuals about government schemes and programs designed to meet their needs, thus ensuring they have access to the necessary support.
• Regulate Old Age Homes: Implement regulatory measures to oversee Old Age Homes, ensuring that residents' rights are protected, and their well-being is safeguarded.
• Inclusion in Data Collection Exercises: Include relevant questions related to older persons in national data collection exercises, such as the National Sample Survey, the National Family Health Survey, and the Census of India, to gather credible data on issues affecting the elderly.
• Focus on Multigenerational Households: Promote and encourage elderly individuals to live in multigenerational households, fostering better care and support within families and strengthening intergenerational bonds.

Effects of Globalization on India's Ageing Population:

Positive Effects:

1. Access to Healthcare: Globalization has facilitated the import of advanced medical technologies and pharmaceuticals, leading to improved healthcare facilities and treatments. This has positively impacted the health and well-being of the elderly population, providing them with better access to medical care and services.
2. Economic Opportunities: Globalization has opened up new economic opportunities, including employment opportunities in sectors such as information technology and business process outsourcing. These opportunities have improved the financial situation of elderly citizens who rely on savings or pensions, allowing them to lead more comfortable lives.
3. Technology Access: Increased access to technology, particularly smartphones and the internet, has enabled elderly citizens to stay connected with their families and friends worldwide. This has reduced feelings of isolation and loneliness among the elderly, enhancing their quality of life.
4. Social Inclusion: Globalization has introduced new cultures, lifestyles, and ideas to India, fostering social inclusion and participation among the elderly. Exposure to diverse perspectives and experiences can enrich their lives and expand their social networks.

Negative Effects:

1. Ageism: Globalization has, in some cases, perpetuated ageism, which is the discrimination or prejudice against people based on their age. Older individuals may face devaluation of their role in society, leading to social exclusion and reduced opportunities for employment and engagement.
2. Economic Insecurity: While globalization has created economic opportunities, it has also introduced economic insecurity for some elderly citizens. Job loss or reduced savings resulting from the impact of globalization on the economy can leave older individuals financially vulnerable, particularly if they are unable to adapt to changing employment markets.
3. Social Isolation: Changing family structures and urban migration of younger generations in pursuit of better opportunities have contributed to increased social isolation among the elderly. Traditional support systems within extended families may weaken, leaving older individuals more isolated and reliant on formal support networks.
4. Health Risks: Globalization has brought about changes in lifestyle and environmental conditions that pose health risks to the elderly. The consumption of processed foods, lack of physical activity, and exposure to pollution are examples of factors that can negatively affect the health of older individuals. These health risks can lead to the development of chronic conditions and reduce overall well-being.

Globalization has both positive and negative effects on India's aging population. While it has improved healthcare access, economic opportunities, and technology access for the elderly, it has also introduced challenges related to ageism, economic insecurity, social isolation, and health risks. Policymakers and society at large must consider these effects to create supportive and inclusive environments for the elderly in the era of globalization.

Challenges Faced by Women in Old Age

1. Financial Dependence: Older women often face financial dependence due to limited access to employment opportunities, lower wages during their working years, and inadequate savings or pension benefits. This dependence can lead to economic vulnerability in old age, making them reliant on family members or social support systems.
2. Deteriorating Health: Ageing can bring a range of health challenges for women, including the onset of chronic diseases, mobility issues, and mental health concerns. These health issues can reduce their quality of life and independence, requiring increased healthcare and support.
3. Social Isolation: Older women, particularly widows, may experience social isolation and loneliness as they age. The loss of a spouse and limited social networks can contribute to feelings of loneliness and a lack of social engagement, negatively impacting their mental and emotional well-being.
4. Rural Situation: Older women residing in rural areas face unique challenges such as limited access to healthcare facilities, inadequate infrastructure, and the burden of caregiving responsibilities or agricultural work. These challenges are exacerbated by the lack of support and resources in rural communities.
5. Intersectionality: Women from marginalized communities, including those with lower socio-economic backgrounds or belonging to tribal or minority groups, may face compounded challenges in old age. Their intersectional identities can result in increased vulnerabilities and limited access to essential services and support.
6. Ageism and Misogyny: Older women often encounter ageism and misogyny in various aspects of society. Stereotypes, discrimination, and limited opportunities for engagement in social, economic, and political activities can result from these biases. Ageism and misogyny further contribute to the marginalization of older women.

In addressing these challenges, it is crucial for policymakers and communities to recognize the unique needs and vulnerabilities of older women. Strategies should be developed to promote financial independence, improve healthcare access, combat social isolation, and address the intersectional factors that compound challenges for marginalized elderly women. Additionally, raising awareness and challenging ageism and misogyny are essential steps towards ensuring dignity and respect for older women in society.

Suggested Measures to Address Challenges Faced by Older Women:

1. Social Security Systems:

• Implement and expand social security schemes that provide financial support to older women, especially those recognized as heads of families.
• Examples include programs like the Kalaignar Magalir Urimai Thittam in Tamil Nadu and the Karnataka Gruha Lakshmi Scheme, which offer financial assistance to eligible women.

2. Intergenerational Programs:

• Develop and promote intergenerational programs that facilitate bonding between different age groups. These programs can include mentorship initiatives, community service projects, and activities that encourage interactions between generations.

3. Access to Healthcare:

• Improve access to healthcare services, with a focus on geriatric care, preventive screenings, and mental health support tailored to the specific health needs of older women.

4. Social Inclusion:

• Promote social inclusion by creating community-based programs that actively engage older women. Encourage their participation in social, cultural, and educational activities, fostering a sense of belonging and purpose.

5. Civil Society Engagement:

• Encourage civil society organizations (CSOs) and community-based initiatives to establish senior citizen clubs and support programs. These organizations can provide social support, companionship, and assistance to prevent social isolation among the elderly.

6. Demographic Stability:

• Develop policies and programs that address population ageing and the unique needs of older women. This may involve promoting family planning, women's empowerment, and intergenerational solidarity to ensure a balanced demographic structure.

7. Community-based Care System for Elders:

• Utilize existing community health worker programs, such as the ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) program, to build a community-based workforce capable of meeting the diverse health and social care needs of elderly citizens.

8. Age-Friendly Cities:

• Design cities and urban areas to be age-friendly, with infrastructure and public spaces that are accessible and accommodating for elderly citizens. This includes features like ramps, accessible public transportation, and age-appropriate housing options.

These measures aim to enhance the well-being and quality of life of older women by addressing their economic, social, healthcare, and community needs. Implementing a combination of these initiatives can contribute to a more inclusive and supportive environment for elderly women in society.

Government Schemes for Old Age:

1. National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP):

• Administered by the Ministry of Rural Development, NSAP offers non-contributory pensions to support elderly individuals, widowed women, and disabled individuals who are in need of financial assistance.

2. Pradhan Mantri Vaya Vandana Yojana (PMVVY):

• An exclusive pension scheme designed for senior citizens aged 60 and above. PMVVY was extended up to 2023 for an additional three years beyond 2020, providing financial security for elderly individuals.

3. Integrated Program for Older Persons (IPOP):

• IPOP focuses on enhancing the quality of life for senior citizens by providing essential amenities such as food, shelter, medical care, and opportunities for entertainment and social engagement.

4. Rashtriya Vayoshree Yojana:

• This central sector scheme, funded by the Senior Citizens' Welfare Fund, offers aids and assistive living devices to elderly individuals below the poverty line (BPL) who have age-related disabilities.

5. SAMPANN Project:

• Launched in 2018, the SAMPANN Project is an online pension processing system for pensioners under the Department of Telecommunications. It ensures the direct credit of pensions into the bank accounts of pensioners, streamlining the pension disbursement process.

6. SACRED Portal for Elderly:

• Developed by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, the SACRED Portal provides a platform for citizens aged 60 and above to register for job opportunities, access information and guidance on various issues, and find work opportunities.

7. Elder Line: Toll-Free Number for Elderly:

• The Elder Line is a toll-free helpline designed to offer information, guidance, emotional support, and immediate assistance to elderly citizens. It focuses on addressing queries related to pension, medical issues, and legal matters.

8. SAGE (Seniorcare Ageing Growth Engine) Initiative:

• SAGE is a platform that facilitates access to elderly care products and services offered by credible start-ups. It supports entrepreneurship in the field of elderly care, promoting innovative solutions to meet the needs of senior citizens.

These government schemes and initiatives are aimed at providing financial, social, and healthcare support to elderly individuals, ensuring their well-being and quality of life during their senior years.

Conclusion

By recognizing and catering to the distinct needs of the elderly demographic through personalized support, we can cultivate a society that prioritizes and facilitates their well-being, encouraging their active participation in diverse facets of life. This approach fosters inclusivity and enhances overall quality of life for seniors.

Source – PIB, The Hindu