Date : 10/01/2024

Relevance: GS Paper 2 – International Relations

Keywords: AU, EU, G20, Agenda 2063

Context-

The induction of the African Union (AU) as a permanent member of the G20 during India's G20 presidency marked a historic moment, shifting the G20 from an exclusive club to a more inclusive platform. This development has the potential to enhance the legitimacy of the G20 and empower Africa to advocate for its interests on the global stage. While the symbolism of AU's entry is significant, the real test lies in whether it can effectively use this platform to defend African interests, present its narrative, and contribute to global challenges like climate change, as outlined in its Agenda 2063 strategic masterplan.

About African Union

The African Union (AU) is a continental organization comprising 55 member states representing the countries of the African Continent. Established in 2002, it succeeded the Organization of African Unity (OAU), which was founded in 1963. The primary objective of the AU is to foster unity, cooperation, and development among African nations while advancing the continent's interests globally. Its overarching vision is to achieve an integrated, prosperous, and peaceful Africa.

The AU, headquartered in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, operates through a structured framework:

1. Assembly:
   This is the highest decision-making body, composed of heads of state and government from member countries.
2. Executive Council:
   Comprising foreign affairs ministers, the Executive Council addresses policy matters and provides recommendations to the Assembly.
3. AU Commission:
   Headquartered in Addis Ababa, the Commission serves as the administrative arm responsible for implementing decisions made by the Assembly and Executive Council.
4. Peace and Security Council:
   Tasked with maintaining peace and security on the continent.

To ensure the participation of African citizens and civil society, the AU promotes inclusivity through institutions such as the Pan-African Parliament and the Economic, Social & Cultural Council (ECOSOCC). The ultimate goal is to strengthen political, economic, and social integration among African countries, fostering a united and prosperous continent.

AU's G20 Membership Challenges:

1. Structural Differences with the European Union (EU):
   While the AU has been granted the same status as the EU, notable differences in their structures pose challenges. The AU is not a supranational organization, and monetary cooperation among African states is limited. This raises concerns about the representation of AU member states at technical working groups and meetings, particularly those involving central bank governors and finance ministers.
2. Representation Challenges:
   Determining who should represent the AU at key G20 meetings poses an immediate challenge. Suggestions range from the AU Commission's Commissioner for Trade and Industry and the Finance Minister from the AU Chair to special envoys accompanying the AU Chair Finance Minister and Central Bank governor. The choice of representation is crucial in ensuring Africa's voice is heard and respected at the G20.
3. Developing Common Positions:
   The AU faces the hurdle of developing common positions on major issues due to the diverse colonial and historical alliances among African countries. Without a mechanism for consensus within the AU, crafting a strategy for common positions becomes essential to harness the benefits of its G20 membership.
4. Rotating AU Chairmanship and Continuity:
   The annual rotation of the AU Chairmanship poses a challenge for maintaining continuity in negotiating positions. Unlike the EU Council President, whose term lasts two and a half years, the AU Chair must govern their own country. This creates pressure for effective management and negotiation, especially for smaller African nations with limited bureaucratic capacities.
5. Lack of Institutional Support for AU Chair:
   The AU Chair lacks sufficient institutional support to contribute effectively as a full G20 member. The absence of support structures underscores the importance of the AU's ability to forge partnerships with other G20 countries, particularly those from the Global South.

Strategies and Solutions:

1. Effective Representation:
   Choosing representatives for the AU at various G20 meetings is crucial. A balanced approach, incorporating the AU Commission's Commissioner for Trade and Industry, the Finance Minister from the AU Chair, and special envoys, can ensure comprehensive representation. Leveraging the expertise of institutions like the African Development Bank and Afrexim Bank could enhance the AU's influence.
2. Developing Common Positions:
   The AU must devise a strategic framework for developing common positions on major issues. Considering the diverse historical alliances among African countries, a carefully crafted strategy is essential to present a united front and maximize the benefits of AU's G20 membership.
3. Rotating Chairmanship and Continuity:
   To address the challenge of rotating chairmanship and continuity, the AU needs to establish mechanisms for smooth transitions. This could involve creating a framework for sharing institutional knowledge, providing comprehensive briefings to incoming chairs, and possibly extending the term of the AU Chair to ensure stability and consistency.
4. Partnerships with Global South and India:
   The AU's effectiveness in the G20 can be bolstered by forging partnerships with countries from the Global South. India, with its commitment to the Global South and longstanding ties with Africa, presents a valuable opportunity for collaboration. Areas such as international financial architecture reform, climate change, food security, and education should be prioritized for joint efforts between India and the AU.

Conclusion

While the AU's G20 membership symbolizes a shift in global governance dynamics, its true impact depends on overcoming internal challenges and building effective partnerships. The AU must navigate structural differences, establish mechanisms for consensus, address continuity issues, and leverage collaborations with countries like India to maximize its influence within the G20. As the AU embarks on this journey, only time will reveal the extent of its success in transforming from a symbolic gesture to a significant player shaping global decisions.

Source– Indian Express